By Marc Weitzmann for TabletMag –<\/em><\/strong> In all likelihood, Leonardo da Vinci was only half Italian. His mother, Caterina, was a Circassian Jew born somewhere in the Caucasus, abducted as a teenager and sold as a sex slave several times in Russia, Constantinople, and Venice before finally being freed in Florence at age 15. This, at least, is the conclusion reached in the new book\u00a0Il sorriso di Caterina, la madre di Leonardo<\/em>, by the historian Carlo Vecce, one of the most distinguished specialists on Leonardo da Vinci.<\/p> The official version of da Vinci\u2019s birth is that it was the fruit of a brief fling between the Florentine solicitor Piero da Vinci and a young peasant from Tuscany called Caterina, of whom almost nothing was known. Yet there had long been a seemingly unfounded theory that Leonardo had foreign origins and that Caterina was an Arab slave. Six years ago, professor Vecce decided to kill the rumor for good. \u201cI simply found it impossible to believe that the mother of the greatest Italian genius would be a non-Italian slave,\u201d he told me. \u201cNow, not only do I believe it, but the most probable hypothesis, given what I found, is that Caterina was Jewish.\u201d<\/p> Vecce was the right man for the job\u2014he published an anthology of da Vinci\u2019s writings and a biography,\u00a0Leonardo<\/em>, translated into several languages, and he collaborated on the exhibition of da Vinci\u2019s drawings and manuscripts at the Louvre and Metropolitan Museum in 2003. He embarked on the research for his latest book during the reconstruction of da Vinci\u2019s library, which is where he found the document that changed everything. <\/p> Dated Nov. 2, 1452, seven months after Leonardo\u2019s birth, and signed by Piero da Vinci in his professional capacity, it is an emancipation act regarding\u00a0\u201c<\/em>the daughter of a certain Jacob, originating from the Caucasian mountains,\u201d\u00a0<\/em>and named Caterina. <\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure> According to the document, Catarina\u2019s owner appears to have been the wife of rich merchant Donato di Filippo, who lived near the San Michele Visdomini church in Florence, and whose usual solicitor for business was Piero da Vinci. The date on the document is underlined several times, as if da Vinci\u2019s hand was shaking as he proceeds to the liberation of the woman who just gave him a child.<\/p> Slavery was still current practice in 15th-century Italy, though on a much smaller scale than in the Ottoman Empire. The city of Florence alone had at least 1,000 slaves\u2014among them Russians, Abkhazes, Turks, Serbs, and, like Caterina, Circassians from the Caucasus. Who was this woman who gave birth to one of the greatest geniuses of the Renaissance?<\/p> Investigating her story, professor Vecce traced another part of the history of the Jews. \u201c<\/em>Traveling from Russia,\u201d he told me, Caterina \u201ccertainly passed through the Taman peninsula, near Crimea, which opens on the Azov sea.\u201d The peninsula owes its name to David of Taman, the king of the Jewish Khazar kingdom that briefly existed there during the seventh to 10th centuries. \u201cIt seems that some traces of the Khazar kingdom still existed in the 15th century, when the peninsula was controlled by the Genovese Jewish Ghisolfi family. The region was ruled by Jewish consuls until the Ottoman Empire put an end to it at the end of the 15th century.\u201d Most of the slave ships traveled from the Venetian colony implanted at Azov (then Tana) to Constantinople. From there, we can follow Caterina to Venice, and then to Florence where she was brought by her new master, Donato di Filippo, who put her to work both in his clothing workshop and at the service of his wife. That she was a sex slave is attested by the fact that she already had several children by Filippo when, at 15, she met da Vinci, Filippo\u2019s solicitor, who at first \u201cborrowed\u201d her as a nanny for his daughter Marie and then fell so much in love with her that he freed her from slavery after Leonardo\u2019s birth. \u201cDa Vinci himself was no stranger to the Jews,\u201d says professor Vecce. \u201cHis main customers were among the Jewish community of Florence.\u201d<\/p> Piero da Vinci ended up leaving Florence for Milan. Caterina died there in 1493 and is probably buried in the San Francesco Grande church, where Leonardo had painted the \u201cVerginne delle rocce\u201d a few years before.<\/p>