CNN — Olive oil has been a staple of the Mediterranean diet and culture for millennia. Before it ever made it to the table, it was used for medicinal and religious practices, earning the moniker “liquid gold” in Homer’s “Iliad.”
Throughout the centuries the olive branch has come to symbolize peace and prosperity, and pungent extra virgin and virgin olive oils are high-value global exports.
Valued at $22.3 billion in 2022, the olive oil market is expected to increase exponentially over the next decade.
But behind the most popular extra virgin olive oils in the world – produced in Italy, Spain and Greece – are equally lucrative criminal enterprises cashing in on the gold rush by selling fake liquid gold that uses sunflower, canola or even lamp oil to create a product that can retail for up to $30 a liter in the United States.
In late November, authorities in Spain and Italy working with the EU’s Europol law enforcement agency said they arrested 11 people tied to one such criminal gang, sequestering 12 barrels containing some 260,000 liters of adulterated, or non-virgin or extra-virgin olive oil.
They also seized an additional 5,200 liters of market-ready quality oil that had been ready for export. The authorities said it was “unfit for consumption,” despite false labeling that claimed the oil was 100% Italian or Spanish.
Authorities also found 91,000 euros (almost $100,000) in cash, four high-end vehicles, falsified labels, and paperwork that stated the oil was Spanish and Italian-grown when sample tests revealed it was more likely made by mixing olive oil byproducts with other types of oil.
Rising demand
“A mix of various factors, such as the general inflation of prices, reduced olive oil production and increasing demand, have created the perfect breeding ground for fraudulent producers,” according to a Europol statement.
“Unfortunately, the faking of extra virgin olive oil is a common practice, which is why the fight against it is a law enforcement priority — especially in production countries,” the law enforcement agency added.
Infusing high quality olive oil with lesser products has become a common practice as rising demand for Mediterranean oil exports is countered by lower production rates driven by increasingly harsh weather extremes, says Coldiretti, Italy’s main farming organization.
Fraudsters have also increasingly been using chlorophyll or beta carotene to color the oil its characteristic green or buttery yellow hues.
In 2023, Mediterranean oil production was down by 41%, Coldiretti said. An extremely wet spring meant olive trees flowered less and record-setting heat in summer shriveled the olives that did grow.
That’s left producers unable to meet marketplace demand.
The so-called “agri mafia” in the Mediterranean oil producing regions has been moving in to fill the gaps in supply, developing its fake extra virgin olive oil operations.
“Mixing consumer-grade olive oil with lower grade alternatives allowed the criminals to offer competitive prices while entering legal supply chains,” Europol says.
“This illegal practice can not only cause a public health risk, but also undermine consumer trust and thus have further economic repercussions,” the statement warned.
According to the North American Olive Oil Association, it’s highly unlikely bogus olive oil products would go on sale in the US, with research by the Food and Drug Administration finding no adulteration in samples tested.
“In reality, US consumers should have a high level of confidence in the quality and authenticity of the olive oil they buy,” said Joseph R. Profaci, the NAOOA’s executive director.
Profaci said the NAOOA was undertaking its most comprehensive, rigorous olive oil testing study to date to ensure adulterated products weren’t infiltrating US markets.
“While our routine testing hasn’t indicated any rise in intentionally mislabeled or adulterated olive oil in 2023, the current high prices and tight supplies may create an additional incentive for wrongdoing. We hope this study will deter such conduct, and at the same time, give olive oil consumers the assurances that they deserve.”
